GESTATIONAL DIABETES

Gestational diabetes, also known as pregnancy diabetes, is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels during pregnancy, typically occurring in the second or third trimester. It affects approximately 4% of pregnant women in Canada, with about 90% of cases resolving after childbirth.

Causes Insulin, a hormone facilitating sugar (glucose) utilization for energy, faces resistance during pregnancy due to the production of anti-insulin hormones. While the body usually compensates with increased insulin production, women with gestational diabetes may experience a failure in this compensation, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.

Persons at Risk Several factors increase the likelihood of gestational diabetes, including a history of the condition in prior pregnancies, giving birth to a child weighing over 4 kg, age 35 or older, Aboriginal or specific ethnic backgrounds, obesity, corticosteroid use, polycystic ovary syndrome, and a history of acanthosis nigricans.

Symptoms Most women with gestational diabetes do not exhibit symptoms. In rare cases, some may experience intense fatigue, excessive thirst, and increased urination.

Complications Untreated gestational diabetes can result in complications for both mother and baby, including urinary tract infections, high blood pressure, preterm and caesarean delivery risks, and potential issues for the baby such as hypoglycemia and breathing problems. Postpartum, women with gestational diabetes face an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, while the baby has a higher likelihood of developing diabetes later in life.

Diagnosis A diabetes screening test is recommended between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy, or earlier for those at higher risk. If positive results occur, a confirmation test is performed. The screening involves drinking a sweet solution, with blood sugar levels measured after an hour.

Treatment Management of gestational diabetes is crucial to reduce complications. Lifestyle changes, including dietary adjustments and moderate exercise, are initial steps. If blood glucose targets aren’t achieved through lifestyle changes, medication, often daily insulin injections, may be considered. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential, involving the use of a blood glucose monitor.

These measures aim to mitigate complications for both the mother and the baby, emphasizing a comprehensive approach to health during and after pregnancy. Regular postpartum evaluations, along with nursing, exercise, and healthy eating habits, are encouraged to minimize long-term risks.